Conceptualizing Democracy in the Classical Islamic Tradition: A Turāth Literature Analysis on Sovereignty and Consultation

Abstract

This study explores the concept of a democratic system of governance from an Islamic perspective through a critical examination of turāth (Islamic classical heritage) literature. While democracy centered on the principle of popular sovereignty has been widely adopted globally, including in Indonesia, its compatibility with Islam remains a subject of debate. Certain Muslim groups argue that democracy contradicts Islamic teachings and advocate for alternatives such as the implementation of sharīʿah law or the re-establishment of the caliphate. Employing a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach through library research, this study draws primarily on the works of classical scholars (salaf) and relevant literature. Using content and discourse analysis, the research reinterprets foundational Islamic concepts in light of contemporary democratic ideals. Findings suggest that key democratic principles such as representative decision-making and public welfare (maṣlaḥah) are not only compatible with Islamic governance but also reflected in the Islamic practice of shūrā (consultation). In Islam, shūrā involves participatory deliberation by competent and trustworthy representatives of the community. Thus, this study concludes that democracy, when framed through Islamic ethical values, holds significant potential for promoting justice, welfare, and accountable governance in Muslim societies.